Difference between revisions of "System logic"

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  | autore = Wei Xiao

  | autore2 = Yi Yang

  | autore3 = Jiao Shi

  | autore4 = Jia Xu

  | autore5 = Jianguang Zhu

  | autore = Diana Ferraro

  | autore2 = Roberta Bedin

  | autore3 = Patrizia Natali

  | autore4 = Diego Franciotta

  | autore5 = Krzysztof Smolik

  | autore6 = Mario Santangelo

  | autore7 = Paolo Immovilli

  | autore8 = Valentina Camera

  | autore9 = Francesca Vitetta

  | autore10 = Matteo Gastaldi

  | autore11 = Tommaso Trenti

  | autore12 = Stefano Meletti

  | autore13 = Patrizia Sola

  | autore = Huseyin Kayadibi

  | autore2 = Baris Yilmaz

  | autore3 = Abdullah Ozgur Yeniova

  | autore4 = Huseyin Koseoglu

  | autore5 = Zahide Simsek

  | url =  

A test, a normative reference datum or an 'Index' (as well as a 'Constant') are strategies related to mathematical-statistical models that generate data. These data are mandatory for the accuracy of the diagnosis, for the differential diagnosis as well as for the therapeutic guidelines. On these reference data, in the times of scientific dental history, implementations and modifications have been generated but also uncertainties and beliefs that in the form of axioms or schools of thought have set guidelines that are not always scientifically justifiable, and sometimes untrue.  

===In literature===

  | autore = Maria Francesca Sfondrini

  | autore2 = Paolo Zampetti

  | autore3 = Giulia Luscher

  | autore4 = Paola Gandini

  | autore5 = José Luís Gandía-Franco

  | autore6 = Andrea Scribante

  | url = https://watermark.silverchair.com/cji120.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAArkwggK1BgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKmMIICogIBADCCApsGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMt4JYbCnq8by6K_ueAgEQgIICbOMbt0RX3yODlwJ8BsQHo4RBC0ylQHwBrd_gi3vptP6-5PY9I8v6XMZnNW0eAbfBMAt1v0KulVyiV4X8m0R7uNaM8_0MKZabxZ_I3n7hq1jXg5ahoRMkzgYg9JPEP5FScxh46pKo-QTqVlzmszeq33ueN78t3blMhe47L8lWmrKhsYBypQq57Pyia3zw81vLH0j3LPp9ZHIWIAMaWPFFzA0W48zRmGgyToz-O6BzM52l-PMBEsiRVdxBTGVYNllBu4o_1DmQQZojNKmegmXbc9YKpjMxrKhqBqAPdAAivu111XYpRWvCmQ4GYTmtSU_5gpBLfjBTSia_V4drbRDHlbK8FcY1T9mHYVeTUQd2mdHRsntf7g4aVO5ABdLZQc6D5pwo6Q8I6uuTn0OxzWBqIGhRsD5SnKT5RDGbhJhli2gMT2xIyqWXm0P9EaSl8aci517zzLmRfurntow7UmRukMfVPis2klUDDyXlI4K9wmMJZhNMbU2Ud4YPz5smdJp2oFUmb8SzoIvLvPKSS51zM8rgQ2WfcIpxKIzqYeFHFRqp5IiDV3VFTL7XEjHweiy8-lpNoG5I4xSFDAznNiz6QvyPYyxPr9UrwDX_BPVl-SsJsfUkBVtXB4FVlDQqQz4OCjypXLrKMaM0vm2gJqEr-Atj9_2Uk9JH8v8dQCaT08vyKWR_PxD02loKqEI0K38bjf1fb-hsSy0JQBU70ysqWyQmzDTsnEtJbYyzoWgtY5vseY_6KXPc4L6N2Wg_Eve_iVfZn7Qz_LGgFSGsZw7nHXLMg5aJ2TZ6x6j-OFIGkXvc_ciaeT0QLXEbjPqT7FV

  }} - [https://grortho.gr/associations-between-pretreatment-age-and-treatment-time-with-orthodontic-treatment-outcome-a-comparison-by-means-of-two-orthodontic-indices/?lang=en see also]</ref> and to improve the quality of future treatments.<ref>{{cita libro  

  | opera = Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove)

  | autore = Spyridon N. Papageorgiou

  | autore2 = Theodore Eliades

  | autore3 = Christine Angst

  | autore = Nadia Lyotard

  | autore2 = Mark Hans

  | autore3 = Suchitra Nelson

  | autore4 = Manish Valiathan

  | editore =  

  | autore = Birgit Thilander

  | autore = Günter Lang

  | autore2 = Günter Alfter

  | autore3 = Gernot Göz

  | autore4 = Günter H Lang

  | autore = Jeanett Steinnes

  | autore2 = Gunn Johnsen

  | autore3 = Heidi Kerosuo

  | autore = Karina Maria Salvatore de Freitas

  | autore2 = Guilherme Janson

  | autore3 = Marcos Roberto de Freitas

  | autore4 = Arnaldo Pinzan

  | autore5 = José Fernando Castanha Henriques

  | autore6 = Célia Regina Maio Pinzan-Vercelino

  }}

de Freitas, K.M., Janson, G., de Freitas, M.R., et al. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17920494/ Influence of the quality of the finished occlusion on postretention occlusal relapse]. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 132, 428.e9-14.</ref> which is not a trigeminal electrophysiological analysis approach in considering 'Normocclusion' much less the details of a well balanced occlusion (such as contacts, inclinations and alignment of each tooth) or changes in retention only in the short term.<ref>Hoybjerg, A.J., Currier, G.F., Kadioglu, O. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23810041/ Evaluation of 3 retention protocols using the American Board of Orthodontics cast and radiograph evaluation.] American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 2013, 144, 16-22.</ref>   

To the authors' knowledge at the time of publication of their study, only one study<ref>Nett, B.C., Huang, G.J.[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15821689/ Long-term posttreatment changes measured by the American Board of Orthodontics objective grading system]. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 2005, 127, 444-50.</ref> used the American Board of Orthodontics (ABO)<ref>Casko, J.S., Vaden, J.L., Kokich, V.G., Damone, J., James, R.D., Cangialosi, T.J., Riolo, M.L., Owens, S.E. Jr and Bills, E.D. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9810056/ Objective grading system for dental casts and panoramic radiographs. American Board of Orthodontics.] American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 1998, 114, 589–599.</ref> detailed objective classification system for models and radiographs which measures the details of a well-finished and well-balanced occlusion.       

In the scientific field, systems theory, more properly general system theory (definition by Ludwig von Bertalanffy),<ref>{{Cita libro|autore = Ludwig von Bertalanffy|titolo = General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications|url = https://archive.org/details/generalsystemthe0000bert|anno = 1968|editore = George Braziller|città = New York|p = 295|ISBN = 978-0807604533}}</ref> is an often interdisciplinary field of study, straddling mathematics and natural sciences, which deals with the analysis of properties and the constitution of a system. It is essentially composed of the theory of dynamic systems (simple and complex) and of the theory of control: it is the basis of various disciplines such as automation, robotics and cybernetic physics, as well as the technical-scientific study of systems in general as much as in biology and medicine.

Systems theory is the interdisciplinary study of systems, that could be described as cohesive groups of interconnected and interdependent parts that can be natural or man-made. Each system is bounded by space and time, influenced by its environment, defined by its structure and expressed through its functioning. A system can be more than the sum of its parts if it expresses emerging synergies or behaviors.<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22emergent+behaviour%22&filter=datesearch.y_10 Emergent Behaviour]</ref>

Changing one part of a system might affect other parts or the whole system. It may be possible to predict these changes in behavior patterns. Some systems support other systems, keeping the others to prevent failure. The goals of systems theory are to model the dynamics, constraints, conditions of a system and to clarify the principles (such as purpose, measure, methods, tools) that can be identified and applied to other systems at any level of nesting and in a 'wide range of fields to achieve optimized equifinality.<ref>[[wikipedia:Equifinality|Equifinality]]</ref>

Regarding the analysis of the state of the masticatory system, the EMG technique has been widely used but there are still a number of concerns regarding the reliability of the measures based on the interferential EMG. <ref>Reaz MB, Hussain MS, Mohd-Yasin F (2006) Techniques of EMG signal analysis: detection, processing, classification and applications (Correction). Biol Proced Online 8: 163.</ref>

This is why most of the studies performed so far aimed at showing a possible correlation between EMG signals with Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD), Orofacial Pain (OP) or Malocclusion (IO), but they have not yielded convincing results.<ref>Masci C, Ciarrocchi I, Spadaro A, Necozione S, Marci MC, et al. (2013) Does orthodontic treatment provide a real functional improvement? A case control study. BMC Oral Health 13: 57.</ref>  

These patients, who actually suffer from neurological symptoms superimposed on dental-facial ones, may undergo unnecessary dental interventions before the correct diagnosis is made, sometimes too late.<ref>Moazzam AA, Habibian M (2012) Patients appearing to dental professionals with orofacial pain arising from intracranial tumors: a literature review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 114: 749-755.</ref>

  [[File:Bilateral Root-MEPs.jpg|thumb||center|500px|'''Figure 4:''' Virtual segmentation of the Trigeminal Nervous System and annotation of the motor Root level from which the trigeminal Motor Evoked Potentials (R-MEPs) are evoked |alt=]]

Cortical projections to the trigeminal motor neurons are generally believed to be bilateral and symmetrical and can be electrophysiologically analyzed by electrical or magnetic brain stimulation through the intact scalp.<ref>Merton PA, Morton HB (1980) Stimulation of the cerebral cortex in the intact human subject. Nature 285: 227.</ref>

In the ipsilateral masseter, the transcranial electrical stimulation (eTCS) is capable of evoking a large short-latency potential in relaxed and active muscles. The characteristics of ipsilateral Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs) do not change under relaxed or active conditions. Mean onset latency is approximately 2 ms, peak latency of 3.9 ms and amplitude of 5.4 mV, and there is no latency variability in similar pacing conditions. These motor potentials, considered secondary to trigeminal motor root excitation, have been called Root-MEP (Root-MEP or simplified into R-MEPs) to differentiate them from M-waves and Cortex-MEPs.<ref>Cruccu G, Berardelli A, Inghilleri M, Manfredi M (1989) Functional organization of the trigeminal motor system in man. A neurophysiological study. Brain 112: 1333-1350.</ref>

====Mathematical formalism in 'Systems Theory'====

*<math>u(t)= (u_1(t),..., u_r(t))</math>the vector of the inputs at time <math>{t}</math>

In the field of biosignals, the (<math>g</math>) models are used to analyze EEG and vibration systems in vehicles, human hearing systems and vascular systems, and so on. While much is still unknown about the physiological mechanism or pattern of internal changes in the tested system, the output transfer or transformation function <math>g</math> in our context allows us to reconstruct a wave function by interpolating the points detected by the instrument which has its own particular sampling frequency. This <math>g</math> function, for our purposes, is a reconstruction of a wave function on which to search for latencies, amplitudes and integral areas and make the necessary conclusions,<ref>Haebeom Lee, Hyunho Kim, Jungkuk Kim, Hwan-Sup Oh, Young-Jae Park and Young-Bae Park. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5299648/ Feasibility study of transfer function model on electrocardiogram change caused by acupuncture.] BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017; 17: 101. Published online 2017 Feb 8. doi: 10.1186/s12906-017-1615-5</ref><ref>Golnoosh Kamali, Rachel June Smith, Mark Hays, Christopher Coogan, Nathan E. Crone, Joon Y. Kang, and Sridevi V. Sarma. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7758451/ Transfer Function Models for the Localization of Seizure Onset Zone From Cortico-Cortical Evoked Potentials.] Front Neurol. 2020; 11: 579961. Published online 2020 Dec 10. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.579961</ref> and, obviously, by retesting the system in subsequent epochs, the integrity of the system itself can be compared.  

[[File:Finite Elements - electric field within the intracranial brain tissue - FEM.jpg|thumb||center|'''Figure 5:''' A. Positioning of the electrodes for the delivery of the electrical stimulus. B. Representation of the electric field within the brain structure. C. Localization of the induced electric field at the level of the trigeminal roots ]]

==Conclusion==