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| | autore = Gianni Frisardi | | | autore = Gianni Frisardi |
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| ==Abstract== | | ==Abstract== |
| [[File:Spasmo emimasticatorio.jpg|left|300x300px]]In the previous chapter, dedicated to the "[[Logic of medical language|Logic of Medical Language]]", we shifted focus from traditional clinical signs to an encrypted machine language, highlighting the innovative contributions of Donald E. Stanley, Daniel G. Campos, and Pat Croskerry. They emphasized the use of time as an information vector in diagnostics<ref>{{Cite book | autore = Stanley DE | autore2 = Campos DG | titolo = The logic of medical diagnosis | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23974509/ | opera = Perspect Biol Med | anno = 2013 | DOI = 10.1353/pbm.2013.0019 | PMID = 23974509}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | autore = Croskerry P | titolo = Adaptive expertise in medical decision making | url = https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0142159X.2018.1484898 | opera = Med Teach | anno = 2018 | DOI = 10.1080/0142159X.2018.1484898 | PMID = 30033794}}</ref>. | | [[File:Spasmo emimasticatorio assiografia.jpg|left|300x300px]] |
| | | "The Logic of the Classical Language - Masticationpedia" explores the groundbreaking shift from traditional clinical communication to the integration of complex computational logics in medicine, with a particular focus on implications for craniofacial biology. The narrative highlights the importance of advanced technologies, such as gene sequencing and imaging techniques, to enhance diagnostic accuracy and treatment effectiveness. |
| This paradigm shift does not diminish the value of clinical history but enhances it by integrating a computational approach to validate medical diagnostics. "Craniofacial Biology" is explored comprehensively, with pivotal studies by Townsend and Brook challenging existing paradigms and proposing new clinical applications through interdisciplinary approaches.<ref>{{Cite book | autore = Townsend GC | autore2 = Brook AH | titolo = The face, the future, and dental practice | url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12157 | opera = Aust Dent J | anno = 2014 | DOI = 10.1111/adj.12157 | PMID = 24646132}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | autore = Sperber GH | autore2 = Sperber SM | titolo = The genesis of craniofacial biology | url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12131 | opera = Aust Dent J | anno = 2014 | DOI = 10.1111/adj.12131 | PMID = 24495071}}</ref>Additionally, the role of epigenetics and phenomics in this field is underlined, offering new insights into dental and craniofacial anomalies through the genetic, epigenetic, and environmental interplay.<ref>{{Cite book | autore = Williams SD | autore2 = Hughes TE | autore3 = Adler CJ | autore4 = Brook AH | autore5 = Townsend GC | titolo = Epigenetics: a new frontier in dentistry | url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12155 | opera = Aust Dent J | anno = 2014 | DOI = 10.1111/adj.12155 | PMID = 24611746}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | autore = Yong R | autore2 = Ranjitkar S | autore3 = Townsend GC | autore4 = Brook AH | autore5 = Smith RN | autore6 = Evans AR | autore7 = Hughes TE | autore8 = Lekkas D | titolo = Dental phenomics | url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12156 | opera = Aust Dent J | anno = 2014 | DOI = 10.1111/adj.12156 | PMID = 24611797}}</ref>This extensive review also incorporates diverse studies, illustrating the dynamic complexities of craniofacial development and the significant implications for future dental practices<ref>{{Cite book | autore = Peterkova R | autore2 = Hovorakova M | autore3 = Peterka M | autore4 = Lesot H | titolo = Three‐dimensional analysis of the early development of the dentition | url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12130 | opera = Aust Dent J | anno = 2014 | DOI = 10.1111/adj.12130}}</ref>. In summary, this chapter emphasizes not only the advanced computational methodologies enhancing diagnostic precision but also the critical interdisciplinary perspectives necessary for holistic patient care in craniofacial anomalies.
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| <center><div class="colour-button">[[Special:UserLogin&returnto=Introduction+Page|Read more]]</div>
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| </center>
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| '''Mathematical Formalism:''' In this chapter, we revisit the clinical case of Mary Poppins, who has been suffering from Orofacial Pain for over ten years due to "Temporomandibular Disorder" (TMD). This section delves into the complexity of using Classic Language Logic to achieve a precise diagnostic definition.
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| '''Propositions''' The simplest propositions in logic can be combined using logical operators and quantifiers to construct complex logical statements, enhancing the precision and rigor required in mathematical and scientific reasoning. Key logical operators include:
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| *'''Conjunction''' (<math>\land</math>),
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| *'''Disjunction''' (<math>\lor</math>),
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| *'''Negation''' (<math>\urcorner</math>),
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| *'''Implication''' (⇒),
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| *'''Logical consequence''' (<math>\vdash</math>),
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| *'''Universal quantifier''' (<math>\forall</math>),
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| *'''Existential quantifier''' (<math>\exists</math>).
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| These tools help form the backbone of logical reasoning used to navigate complex diagnostic processes in medical practice.
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| '''Proof by Contradiction:''' This method involves demonstrating that the negation of a proposition leads to a contradiction, thereby proving the original proposition under the principle of the "law of excluded middle". This fundamental aspect of classical logic asserts that a proposition must be true if its negation is false<ref>{{Cite book | author = Pereira LM | author2 = Pinto AM | title = Reductio ad Absurdum Argumentation in Normal Logic Programs | url = http://www-lia.deis.unibo.it/confs/ArgNMR/proceedings/ArgNMR-proceedings.pdf#page=100 | year = 2007 | publisher = Arg NMR | city = Tempe, Arizona - Caparica, Portugal}}</ref>.
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| '''Predicates:'' Predicates are expressions that assert something about a set of elements, such as "all volleyball players are tall" <math>X</math> being volleyball players). They are used extensively to describe groups of patients or medical conditions, providing a structured way to apply logical reasoning in medical diagnoses.
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| Further diagnostic support is provided through the analysis of axiographic traces and surface electromyography, confirming the presence of TMD based on the observed asymmetry and functional abnormalities in masticatory muscles
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| <ref>{{cite book | autore = Castroflorio T | autore2 = Talpone F | autore3 = Deregibus A | autore4 = Piancino MG | autore5 = Bracco P | titolo = Effects of a Functional Appliance on Masticatory Muscles of Young Adults Suffering From Muscle-Related Temporomandibular Disorder | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15189308/ | opera = J Oral Rehabil | anno = 2004 | DOI = 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2004.01274.x | PMID = 15189308}}</ref>
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| <ref>{{cite book | autore = Maeda N | autore2 = Kodama N | autore3 = Manda Y | autore4 = Kawakami S | autore5 = Oki K | autore6 = Minagi S | titolo = Characteristics of Grouped Discharge Waveforms Observed in Long-term Masseter Muscle Electromyographic Recording: A Preliminary Study | url = http://ousar.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp/files/public/5/56938/20190821181112825794/73_4_357.pdf | opera = Acta Med Okayama | anno = 2019 | DOI = 10.18926/AMO/56938 | PMID = 31439959}}</ref>.
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| '''2nd Clinical Approach'''
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| This section presents further clinical evaluations including CT scans and electromyographic analysis which provide deeper insights into the structural and functional status of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). These findings are critical in confirming the diagnosis of TMD and understanding its impact on orofacial pain.
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| '''Propositions in the Dental Context'''
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| In an attempt to apply mathematical formalism to interpret the dentist's diagnostic conclusions using classical logic language, we define the following predicates:
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| *<math>x \equiv</math> Normal patients (where "normal" refers to patients commonly encountered in a specialist setting)
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| *<math>A(x) \equiv</math> Presence of bone remodeling with detected osteophyte from stratigraphic exams and condylar CT
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| *<math>B(x)\equiv</math> Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) resulting in orofacial pain (OP)
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| *<math>\mathrm{a}\equiv</math> Specific patient: Mary Poppins
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| We establish that for every normal patient <math>\mathrm{\mathcal{A}}(\text{x})</math>, if they test positive for the TMJ radiographic examination <math>\mathrm{\mathcal{A}}(\text{x})</math> [see Figures 2 and 3], then they are affected by TMD <math>\rightarrow\mathrm{\mathcal{B}}(\text{x})</math>. Consequently <math>\vdash</math> if Mary Poppins tests positive (and is considered a "normal patient") for the TMJ radiographic exam <math>A(a)</math>, it follows that she too is affected by TMD <math>\rightarrow \mathcal{B}(a)</math>. This can be formally expressed as:
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| {|
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| |<math>{a \in x \mid \forall \text{x} ; A(\text{x}) \rightarrow {B}(\text{x}) \vdash A( a)\rightarrow B(a) }</math>
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| |<math>(1)</math>
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| To verify the truthfulness of this proposition, we resort to proof by contradiction. If the negation of the proposition generates a contradiction, we can conclude that the original hypothesis of the dentist is correct:
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| {|
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| |<math>\urcorner{a \in x \mid \forall \text{x} ; A(\text{x}) \rightarrow {B}(\text{x}) \vdash A( a)\rightarrow B(a) }</math>
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| |<math>(2)</math>
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| '''Propositions in the Neurological Context'''
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| Suppose the neurologist contests conclusion (1), arguing that Mary Poppins does not suffer from TMD or that, at least, TMD is not the primary cause of her Orofacial Pain. Instead, he hypothesizes that Mary suffers from neuromotor type Orofacial Pain (<sub>n</sub>OP), classifying her not as a 'normal patient' but as a 'specific patient' (atypical for the dental specialist).
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| The neurologist's position can be formalized as follows:
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| {|
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| |<math>{a \not\in x \mid \forall \text{x} ; A(\text{x}) \rightarrow {B}(\text{x}) \and A( a)\rightarrow \urcorner B(a) }</math>
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| |<math>(3)</math>
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| To validate this hypothesis through proof by contradiction, consider its negation:
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| {|
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| |<math>\urcorner{a \not\in x \mid \forall \text{x} ; A(\text{x}) \rightarrow {B}(\text{x}) \and A( a)\rightarrow \urcorner B(a) }</math>
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| ===Compatibility and Incompatibility of Statements=== | | ==Introduction== |
| The complexity arises when the dentist presents a series of statements based on clinical reports, such as stratigraphy and computed tomography (CT) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), indicating an anatomical flattening of the joint, axiography of the condylar paths with a reduction of cinematic convexity, and an electromyographic (EMG) interference pattern showing asymmetry on the masseters. These evidences can be considered co-causes of damage to the temporomandibular joint and, consequently, responsible for "Orofacial Pain". | | The introduction of the document lays the foundation for understanding the significant impact of epigenetics and phenomics in modern medicine. These sciences offer an innovative perspective on medical care personalization, emphasizing how a detailed understanding of an individual's genetic and epigenetic heritage can guide the development of more effective treatments for craniofacial anomalies. |
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| Documents, reports, and clinical evidence can be used to make the neurologist's statement incompatible and support the dentist's diagnostic conclusion. To do this, we present some logical rules that describe compatibility or incompatibility according to classical language logic:
| | ==Impact of Epigenetics and Phenomics== |
| #A set of sentences <math>\Im</math> and a number <math>n\geq1</math> of other sentences or statements <math>(\delta_1,\delta_2,.....\delta_n \ )</math> are logically compatible if, and only if, their union <math>\Im\cup{\delta_1,\delta_2.....\delta_n}</math> is coherent.
| | Delving deeper, the text discusses how epigenetics and phenomics are revolutionizing our understanding of craniofacial diseases. Through the study of the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, these disciplines pave the way for highly personalized treatments, essential for addressing individual variations in craniofacial biology. |
| # A set of sentences <math>\Im</math> and a number <math>n\geq1</math> of other sentences or statements <math>(\delta_1,\delta_2,.....\delta_n \ )</math> are logically incompatible if, and only if, their union <math>\Im\cup{\delta_1,\delta_2.....\delta_n}</math> is incoherent.
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| Let's examine this concept with practical examples. The dentist presents the following statement:
| | ==Classical Logic in Medical Diagnostics== |
| | The next section examines the application of classical logic in medical diagnostics, using logical operators and quantifiers to deduce precise diagnostic conclusions. This method helps develop targeted treatment plans, particularly useful for complex conditions affecting the craniofacial region. |
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| <math>\Im</math>: Following the personalized techniques suggested by Xin Liang et al. that focuses on the quantitative microstructural analysis of the bone value fraction, trabecular number, trabecular thickness, and trabecular separation on each slice of a TMJ CT, it appears that Mary Poppins is affected by Temporomandibular Disorders (TMDs) and the consequence causes orofacial pain.
| | ==Practical Applications of Formal Logic== |
| | This part of the document illustrates practical cases where formal logic has been used to solve complex diagnostic challenges in craniofacial, showing the effectiveness of this approach in treating complex diseases through specific examples and detailed case studies. |
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| However, to further confirm the diagnosis, the dentist presents a series of additional assertions that should pass the compatibility filter described above, thus establishing a coherent basis for the diagnosis of TMD in Mary Poppins.
| | ==Interdisciplinary Approach== |
| | The document emphasizes the importance of an interdisciplinary approach in overcoming medical challenges, integrating knowledge from various scientific disciplines. This approach is crucial for advancing in the field of patient care, especially in the complex issues of craniofacial problems. |
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| <math>\delta_1=</math> Bone remodeling: The flattening of the axiographic traces shown in Figure 5 indicates the joint remodeling of Mary Poppins' right TMJ. This report can be related to a series of research and articles confirming how malocclusion can be associated with morphological changes of the temporomandibular joints, particularly if related to age. Indeed, the presence of chronic malocclusion can aggravate the scenario of bone remodeling.
| | ==Towards a Dynamic Logical Language== |
| | The discussion extends to the need for adopting a more flexible and dynamic logical language in the medical field, capable of adapting to the complexities and nuances of clinical practice. This envisioned future emphasizes the importance of staying open and responsive to the evolving scientific landscape, ensuring that medical practices continue to progress in line with cutting-edge discoveries. |
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| <math>\delta_2=</math> Sensitivity and Specificity of the Axiographic Measurement: A study was conducted to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the data obtained from a sample of patients with temporomandibular joint disorders, using the ARCUSdigma axiographic system. The results showed a sensitivity of 84.21% for the right TMJ and 92.86% for the left TMJ, with a specificity of 93.75% and 95.65%, respectively.
| | ==Final Considerations== |
| | In conclusion, "The Logic of the Classical Language - Masticationpedia" presents a compelling vision of the future where the fusion of computational logic, advanced technology, and medical science heralds a new era of diagnostics and patient care. The document champions a paradigm where medical language, enriched by the relentless progression of scientific knowledge, leads to unprecedented diagnostic precision and a more effective, personalized approach to treatment, setting a new standard in patient care, particularly in the field of craniofacial biology. |
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| <math>\delta_3=</math>...................<center><div class="colour-button">[[Special:UserLogin&returnto=Introduction+Page|Read more]]</div> | | <center><div class="colour-button">[[Special:UserLogin&returnto=Introduction+Page|Read the full chapter]]</div> |
| </center> | | </center><blockquote> |
| {{bib}}
| | == Strategic dental topics for authors to subscribe an article == |
| | Classical Logic, Craniofacial Biology, Advanced Technologies, Medical Diagnostics, Epigenetics, Phenomics, Treatment Personalization, Craniofacial Anomalies, Formal Logic, Interdisciplinary Approach, Medical Innovations, Personalized Treatments, Computational Logic, Precision Diagnostics.</blockquote> |
| | [[Category:Medical Innovations]] |
| | [[Category:Craniofacial Biology]] |
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'The logic of the classical language'
Abstract
"The Logic of the Classical Language - Masticationpedia" explores the groundbreaking shift from traditional clinical communication to the integration of complex computational logics in medicine, with a particular focus on implications for craniofacial biology. The narrative highlights the importance of advanced technologies, such as gene sequencing and imaging techniques, to enhance diagnostic accuracy and treatment effectiveness.
Introduction
The introduction of the document lays the foundation for understanding the significant impact of epigenetics and phenomics in modern medicine. These sciences offer an innovative perspective on medical care personalization, emphasizing how a detailed understanding of an individual's genetic and epigenetic heritage can guide the development of more effective treatments for craniofacial anomalies.
Impact of Epigenetics and Phenomics
Delving deeper, the text discusses how epigenetics and phenomics are revolutionizing our understanding of craniofacial diseases. Through the study of the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, these disciplines pave the way for highly personalized treatments, essential for addressing individual variations in craniofacial biology.
Classical Logic in Medical Diagnostics
The next section examines the application of classical logic in medical diagnostics, using logical operators and quantifiers to deduce precise diagnostic conclusions. This method helps develop targeted treatment plans, particularly useful for complex conditions affecting the craniofacial region.
Practical Applications of Formal Logic
This part of the document illustrates practical cases where formal logic has been used to solve complex diagnostic challenges in craniofacial, showing the effectiveness of this approach in treating complex diseases through specific examples and detailed case studies.
Interdisciplinary Approach
The document emphasizes the importance of an interdisciplinary approach in overcoming medical challenges, integrating knowledge from various scientific disciplines. This approach is crucial for advancing in the field of patient care, especially in the complex issues of craniofacial problems.
Towards a Dynamic Logical Language
The discussion extends to the need for adopting a more flexible and dynamic logical language in the medical field, capable of adapting to the complexities and nuances of clinical practice. This envisioned future emphasizes the importance of staying open and responsive to the evolving scientific landscape, ensuring that medical practices continue to progress in line with cutting-edge discoveries.
Final Considerations
In conclusion, "The Logic of the Classical Language - Masticationpedia" presents a compelling vision of the future where the fusion of computational logic, advanced technology, and medical science heralds a new era of diagnostics and patient care. The document champions a paradigm where medical language, enriched by the relentless progression of scientific knowledge, leads to unprecedented diagnostic precision and a more effective, personalized approach to treatment, setting a new standard in patient care, particularly in the field of craniofacial biology.
Strategic dental topics for authors to subscribe an article
Classical Logic, Craniofacial Biology, Advanced Technologies, Medical Diagnostics, Epigenetics, Phenomics, Treatment Personalization, Craniofacial Anomalies, Formal Logic, Interdisciplinary Approach, Medical Innovations, Personalized Treatments, Computational Logic, Precision Diagnostics.
