Difference between revisions of "Bilateral Trigeminal neuromotor organic symmetry"

Bilateral Trigeminal neuromotor organic symmetry (view source)

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   }} [Chinese]</ref>. It should also be noted that in a very small proportion of OP patients visited by dental specialists, some neurological diseases as intracranial cancers, multiple sclerosis and so on are the underlying symptomatological cause of TMD or OP. These patients, who actually suffer from misunderstood neurological symptoms, may undergo unnecessary dental interventions before the correct diagnosis is made, often too late<ref>Moazzam AA, Habibian M (2012) Patients appearing to dental professionals with orofacial pain arising from intracranial tumors: a literature review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 114: 749-755.</ref><ref>Frisardi G, Iani C, Sau G, Frisardi F, Leornadis C, et al. (2013) [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24165294/ A relationship between bruxism and orofacial-dystonia? A trigeminal electrophysiological approach in a case report of pineal cavernoma.] Behav Brain Funct 9: 41.</ref>.
+===The EMG signal===
 EMG signal is the most common method applied to study these patients. However many pathophysiological phenomena and the nature of the signal influence the measure and create an hard barriers against a reliable application of this findings. These errors are compounded by the counterintuitive effects that some system parameters can have on the EMG signal like the phenomenon of crosstalk, amplitude cancellation and the non-stationary of the EMG signal<ref>Farina D, Merletti R, Enoka RM ((2004) [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15016793/ The extraction of neural strategies from the surface EMG.] J Appl Physiol 96: 1486-1495.</ref>.
 Although there are many traditional methods as well as innovative methods for EMG’s signal elaboration, a precise correlation between EMG and health condition of the underlying neurological structures is still difficult to obtain.<ref>Lehman GJ, McGill SM (1999) The importance of normalization in the interpretation of surface electromyography: a proof of principle. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 22: 444-446.</ref>
-The EMG is one of the most prominent techniques to describe how the nervous system is controlling the masticatory system, . EMG signals acquired on the skin surface may be used to assess the intensity and timing of a voluntary, involuntary or reflex contraction. There are at least two main orders of motivations regarding the reliability of the EMG like bioengineering and anatomic arguments. Regarding to bioengineering argumentation, the quantity of the so- called “Neural Energy” <ref>Viitasalo JH, Komi PV (1977) Signal characteristics of EMG during fatigue. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 37: 111-121.</ref><ref>Viitasalo JT, Komi PV (1978) Interrelationships of EMG signal characteristics at different levels of muscle tension and during fatigue. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 18: 167-178.</ref>, namely the total electrical signal sent from the central nervous system to muscle<ref>Enoka RM, Robinson GA, Kossev AR (1988) A stable, selective electrode for recording single motor-unit potentials in humans. Exp Neurol 99: 761-764.</ref> and that now we call maximal Absolute Neural Evoked Energy “ <math>_mANEE</math> ”, variations in the central command or in the central drive to motoneurons <ref>van der Hoeven JH, van Weerden TW, Zwarts MJ (1993) Long-lasting supernormal conduction velocity after sustained maximal isometric contraction in human muscle. Muscle Nerve 16: 312-320.</ref><ref>Linssen WH, Stegeman DF, Joosten EM, van’t Hof MA, Binkhorst RA, et al. (1993) Variability and interrelationships of surface EMG parameters during local muscle fatigue. Muscle Nerve 16: 849-856.</ref><ref>Barton PM, Hayes KC (1996) Neck flexor muscle strength, efficiency, and relaxation times in normal subjects and subjects with unilateral neck pain and headache. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 77: 680-687.</ref><ref>Carpentier A, Duchateau J, Hainaut K (2001) [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11483719/ Motor unit behaviour and contractile changes during fatigue in the human first dorsal interosseus.] J Physiol 534: 903-912.</ref> were often estimated by ''I''<sub>EMG</sub> or RMS<sub>EMG</sub> or by their changes.
+The EMG is one of the most prominent techniques to describe how the nervous system is controlling the masticatory system. EMG signals acquired on the skin surface may be used to assess the intensity and timing of a voluntary, involuntary or reflex contraction. There are at least two main orders of motivations regarding the reliability of the EMG like bioengineering and anatomic arguments. Regarding to bioengineering argumentation, the quantity of the so- called “Neural Energy” <ref>Viitasalo JH, Komi PV (1977) Signal characteristics of EMG during fatigue. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 37: 111-121.</ref><ref>Viitasalo JT, Komi PV (1978) Interrelationships of EMG signal characteristics at different levels of muscle tension and during fatigue. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 18: 167-178.</ref>, namely the total electrical signal sent from the central nervous system to muscle<ref>Enoka RM, Robinson GA, Kossev AR (1988) A stable, selective electrode for recording single motor-unit potentials in humans. Exp Neurol 99: 761-764.</ref> and that now we call maximal Absolute Neural Evoked Energy “ <math>_mANEE</math> ”, variations in the central command or in the central drive to motoneurons <ref>van der Hoeven JH, van Weerden TW, Zwarts MJ (1993) Long-lasting supernormal conduction velocity after sustained maximal isometric contraction in human muscle. Muscle Nerve 16: 312-320.</ref><ref>Linssen WH, Stegeman DF, Joosten EM, van’t Hof MA, Binkhorst RA, et al. (1993) Variability and interrelationships of surface EMG parameters during local muscle fatigue. Muscle Nerve 16: 849-856.</ref><ref>Barton PM, Hayes KC (1996) Neck flexor muscle strength, efficiency, and relaxation times in normal subjects and subjects with unilateral neck pain and headache. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 77: 680-687.</ref><ref>Carpentier A, Duchateau J, Hainaut K (2001) [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11483719/ Motor unit behaviour and contractile changes during fatigue in the human first dorsal interosseus.] J Physiol 534: 903-912.</ref> were often estimated by ''I''<sub>EMG</sub> or RMS<sub>EMG</sub> or by their changes.
+===The trigeminal motor system===
-The second argumentation for the unreliability of EMG lies in the neuroanatomy and neurofunctionality itself of the masticatory system and in particular way of the trigeminal motor system.
+The second argumentation for the unreliability of EMG lies in the neuroanatomy and neurofunctionality itself of the masticatory system and notably of the trigeminal motor system.
 The cortical projections to trigeminal motoneurons are generally believed to be bilateral and symmetric and by means of electrical or magnetic brain stimulation through the intact scalp<ref>Merton PA, Morton HB (1980) Stimulation of the cerebral cortex in the intact human subject. Nature 285: 227.</ref> <ref>Barker AT, Jalinous R, Freeston IL (1985) Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex. Lancet 1: 1106-1107.</ref> it is possible to evoke Motor responses in masticatory muscles.