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As the aging population is growing rapidly worldwide, aging-related health problems such as cognitive impairment and dementia have begun to stand out as social issues in terms of welfare. | As the aging population is growing rapidly worldwide, aging-related health problems such as cognitive impairment and dementia have begun to stand out as social issues in terms of welfare. | ||
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is the stage between the expected cognitive decline of normal aging and the more serious decline of dementia. MCI should be clinically noted because it is likely to progress to dementia and thus may provide insight into the pathogenesis of dementia as a predementia stage. Previous long-term follow-up studies have shown that the rate of progression to dementia ranges from 10 to 80% among MCI patients | Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is the stage between the expected cognitive decline of normal aging and the more serious decline of dementia. MCI should be clinically noted because it is likely to progress to dementia and thus may provide insight into the pathogenesis of dementia as a predementia stage. Previous long-term follow-up studies have shown that the rate of progression to dementia ranges from 10 to 80% among MCI patients.<ref>Petersen RC, Morris JC (2003) Clinical features. In: Petersen RC (ed) Mild cognitive impairment: aging to Alzheimer’s disease. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 15–40</ref><ref name=":0">Xue H, Hou P, Li Y et al (2019) Factors for predicting reversion from mild cognitive impairment to normal cognition: a meta-analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 34:1361–1368. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5159</nowiki></ref> Notably, MCI can often revert to normal cognitive function, and the estimated rate of MCI improvement or reversion has been reported to range from 4.5% to 53%, depending on various factors [3, 4]. These suggested risk factors and recovery factors for cognitive impairment include sociodemographic (age, sex, education level), genetic (APOE ε4 allele), lifestyle (smoking, alcohol, diet, exercise), physical and mental (cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE] score) factors that are intricately related to each other and form a complex model. <ref name=":0" /><ref>Park MH (2021) Social networks including contactless interaction and reversion in patients with mild cognitive impairment even in the era of COVID-19. Geriatr Gerontol Int. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.14309</nowiki></ref><ref>Sachdev PS, Lipnicki DM, Crawford J et al (2013) Factors predicting reversion from mild cognitive impairment to normal cognitive functioning: a population-based study. PLoS ONE. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059649</nowiki></ref><ref>Hugo J, Ganguli M (2014) Dementia and cognitive impairment: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin Geriatr Med 30:421–442. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2014.04.001</nowiki></ref> | ||
Recently, many studies have reported that masticatory function is mutually associated with cognitive ability, and although which comes first is not yet known, masticatory dysfunction is one of the risk factors for cognitive decline in elderly individuals | Recently, many studies have reported that masticatory function is mutually associated with cognitive ability, and although which comes first is not yet known, masticatory dysfunction is one of the risk factors for cognitive decline in elderly individuals. <ref>Lexomboon D, Trulsson M, Wårdh I et al (2012) Chewing ability and tooth loss: association with cognitive impairment in an elderly population study. J Am Geriatr Soc 60:1951–1956. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04154.x</nowiki></ref><ref>Kim E-K, Lee SK, Choi Y-H et al (2017) Relationship between chewing ability and cognitive impairment in the rural elderly. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 70:209–213. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2017.02.006</nowiki></ref><ref>Fang W-l, Jiang M-j, Gu B-b et al (2018) Tooth loss as a risk factor for dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis of 21 observational studies. BMC Psychiatry 18:1–11</ref><ref>Teixeira FB, Fernandes LdMP, Noronha PAT et al (2014) Masticatory deficiency as a risk factor for cognitive dysfunction. Int J Med Sci 11:209. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.6801</nowiki></ref> | ||
Masticatory dysfunction refers to the decrease in or deterioration of masticatory function caused by a structural factor (e.g., number of remaining teeth, posterior occlusal contact), a functional factor (e.g., masticatory performance, bite force) or both combined. Meanwhile, subjective factors, such as the mental or psychological condition of an individual, could influence masticatory function | Masticatory dysfunction refers to the decrease in or deterioration of masticatory function caused by a structural factor (e.g., number of remaining teeth, posterior occlusal contact), a functional factor (e.g., masticatory performance, bite force) or both combined. Meanwhile, subjective factors, such as the mental or psychological condition of an individual, could influence masticatory function.<ref>Kimura Y, Ogawa H, Yoshihara A et al (2013) Evaluation of chewing ability and its relationship with activities of daily living, depression, cognitive status and food intake in the community-dwelling elderly. Geriatr Gerontol Int 13:718–725. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.12006</nowiki></ref><ref>Ikebe K, Morii K, Matsuda K-i et al (2007) Discrepancy between satisfaction with mastication, food acceptability, and masticatory performance in older adults. Int J Prosthodont. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2007.08.012</nowiki></ref><ref>Weijenberg RA, Delwel S, Ho BV et al (2019) Mind your teeth—the relationship between mastication and cognition. Gerodontology 36:2–7. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1111/ger.12380</nowiki></ref> | ||
The number of remaining teeth has been suggested as a significant independent risk factor for cognitive impairment by explaining two possible mechanisms, i.e., neuroinflammation caused by increased proinflammatory mediator levels and malnutrition due to tooth loss [8, 13, 14]. In addition, a poor chewing ability and low occlusal force are significantly associated with cognitive function [10, 15, 16], and oral rehabilitation using prostheses, such as removable prostheses (RPs) or dental implants, is effective in preserving cognitive function [17]. | The number of remaining teeth has been suggested as a significant independent risk factor for cognitive impairment by explaining two possible mechanisms, i.e., neuroinflammation caused by increased proinflammatory mediator levels and malnutrition due to tooth loss [8, 13, 14]. In addition, a poor chewing ability and low occlusal force are significantly associated with cognitive function [10, 15, 16], and oral rehabilitation using prostheses, such as removable prostheses (RPs) or dental implants, is effective in preserving cognitive function [17]. | ||
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== References == | == References == | ||
# Petersen RC, Morris JC (2003) Clinical features. In: Petersen RC (ed) Mild cognitive impairment: aging to Alzheimer’s disease. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 15–40 Google Scholar | |||
# Xue H, Hou P, Li Y et al (2019) Factors for predicting reversion from mild cognitive impairment to normal cognition: a meta-analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 34:1361–1368. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5159 | |||
# Park MH (2021) Social networks including contactless interaction and reversion in patients with mild cognitive impairment even in the era of COVID-19. Geriatr Gerontol Int. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.14309 | |||
# Sachdev PS, Lipnicki DM, Crawford J et al (2013) Factors predicting reversion from mild cognitive impairment to normal cognitive functioning: a population-based study. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059649 | |||
# Hugo J, Ganguli M (2014) Dementia and cognitive impairment: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin Geriatr Med 30:421–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2014.04.001 | |||
Lexomboon D, Trulsson M, Wårdh I et al (2012) Chewing ability and tooth loss: association with cognitive impairment in an elderly population study. J Am Geriatr Soc 60:1951–1956. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04154.x | |||
Kim E-K, Lee SK, Choi Y-H et al (2017) Relationship between chewing ability and cognitive impairment in the rural elderly. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 70:209–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2017.02.006 | |||
Fang W-l, Jiang M-j, Gu B-b et al (2018) Tooth loss as a risk factor for dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis of 21 observational studies. BMC Psychiatry 18:1–11 | |||
Teixeira FB, Fernandes LdMP, Noronha PAT et al (2014) Masticatory deficiency as a risk factor for cognitive dysfunction. Int J Med Sci 11:209. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.6801 | |||
Kimura Y, Ogawa H, Yoshihara A et al (2013) Evaluation of chewing ability and its relationship with activities of daily living, depression, cognitive status and food intake in the community-dwelling elderly. Geriatr Gerontol Int 13:718–725. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.12006 | |||
Ikebe K, Morii K, Matsuda K-i et al (2007) Discrepancy between satisfaction with mastication, food acceptability, and masticatory performance in older adults. Int J Prosthodont. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2007.08.012 | |||
Weijenberg RA, Delwel S, Ho BV et al (2019) Mind your teeth—the relationship between mastication and cognition. Gerodontology 36:2–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/ger.12380 | |||
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