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| autore7 = Irene Minciacchi | | autore7 = Irene Minciacchi | ||
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'''Abstract:''' The transition to "System Logic" in medical science, particularly within the dental field, is guided by two fundamental elements: dental clinical indices and the logic of medical language. Clinical indices, such as the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, offer objective reference points critical for accurate diagnoses, yet their validity is often debated. While indices provide measurable data, subjective interpretations have historically influenced clinical outcomes. In orthodontics, indices like the Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) have been adopted to assess treatment success, but concerns arise over their ability to fully capture the complexity of dental occlusion and function. | |||
The logic of medical language also faces scrutiny for its limitations in addressing the dynamic, complex nature of living systems. Classical logic and probabilistic models, while useful, often fall short when dealing with the uncertainties inherent in medical diagnoses. This has led to the introduction of "fuzzy logic" as a more flexible approach that can handle gradations of truth and uncertainty in clinical decision-making. | |||
Furthermore, this work delves into Systems Theory as a framework for understanding biological and clinical phenomena. The masticatory system is examined through this lens, using electrophysiological tests such as Root-MEPs (Motor Evoked Potentials) to demonstrate the practical application of systems logic. By integrating bioengineering models with clinical practice, this approach aims to enhance diagnostic accuracy, reduce errors, and allow for early detection of pathologies, thereby improving patient outcomes. | |||
==Foreword== | ==Foreword== | ||
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A test, a normative reference datum or an 'Index' (as well as a 'Constant') are strategies related to mathematical-statistical models that generate data. These data are mandatory for the accuracy of the diagnosis, for the differential diagnosis as well as for the therapeutic guidelines. On these reference data, in the times of scientific dental history, implementations and modifications have been generated but also uncertainties and beliefs that in the form of axioms or schools of thought have set guidelines that are not always scientifically justifiable, and sometimes untrue. | A test, a normative reference datum or an 'Index' (as well as a 'Constant') are strategies related to mathematical-statistical models that generate data. These data are mandatory for the accuracy of the diagnosis, for the differential diagnosis as well as for the therapeutic guidelines. On these reference data, in the times of scientific dental history, implementations and modifications have been generated but also uncertainties and beliefs that in the form of axioms or schools of thought have set guidelines that are not always scientifically justifiable, and sometimes untrue. | ||
===In literature=== | === In literature=== | ||
We can take into consideration the data reported in the literature regarding the 'Indices' studied on patients suffering from 'Temporomandibular Disorders'<ref>Results in [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov PubMed] for "[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22temporomandibular+disorders+index%22&filter=datesearch.y_1 Temporomandibular disorders Index]"</ref> or enter more specifically about masticatory rehabilitations and verify the 'Clinical Indices' topic in orthodontic disciplines.<ref>Results in [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov PubMed] for "[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22orthodontics%20index%22&filter=simsearch2.ffrft&filter=datesearch.y_1 Orthodontics Indexes]"</ref> | We can take into consideration the data reported in the literature regarding the 'Indices' studied on patients suffering from 'Temporomandibular Disorders'<ref>Results in [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov PubMed] for "[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22temporomandibular+disorders+index%22&filter=datesearch.y_1 Temporomandibular disorders Index]"</ref> or enter more specifically about masticatory rehabilitations and verify the 'Clinical Indices' topic in orthodontic disciplines.<ref>Results in [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov PubMed] for "[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22orthodontics%20index%22&filter=simsearch2.ffrft&filter=datesearch.y_1 Orthodontics Indexes]"</ref> | ||
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| autore3 = Hurst D | | autore3 = Hurst D | ||
| titolo = Orthodontic outcomes assessment using the peer assessment rating index | | titolo = Orthodontic outcomes assessment using the peer assessment rating index | ||
| url = https:// | | url = https://meridian.allenpress.com/angle-orthodontist/article/71/3/164/57522/Orthodontic-Outcomes-Assessment-Using-the-Peer | ||
| volume = | | volume = | ||
| opera = Angle Orthod | | opera = Angle Orthod | ||
| Line 182: | Line 178: | ||
| LCCN = | | LCCN = | ||
| OCLC = | | OCLC = | ||
}} - [https://grortho.gr/associations-between-pretreatment-age-and-treatment-time-with-orthodontic-treatment-outcome-a-comparison-by-means-of-two-orthodontic-indices/?lang=en see also]</ref> and to improve the quality of future treatments.<ref>{{cita libro | }} - ''[https://grortho.gr/associations-between-pretreatment-age-and-treatment-time-with-orthodontic-treatment-outcome-a-comparison-by-means-of-two-orthodontic-indices/?lang=en see also]''</ref> and to improve the quality of future treatments.<ref>{{cita libro | ||
| autore = Hickman JH | | autore = Hickman JH | ||
| titolo = Directional edgewise orthodontic approach. 5 | | titolo = Directional edgewise orthodontic approach. 5 | ||
| Line 240: | Line 236: | ||
| url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6389456_PAR_Index_in_the_Evaluation_of_the_Stability_of_the_Orthodontic_Treatment_Results_A_Review/fulltext/5adbdc64a6fdcc29358a3491/PAR-Index-in-the-Evaluation-of-the-Stability-of-the-Orthodontic-Treatment-Results-A-Review.pdf?origin=publication_detail | | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6389456_PAR_Index_in_the_Evaluation_of_the_Stability_of_the_Orthodontic_Treatment_Results_A_Review/fulltext/5adbdc64a6fdcc29358a3491/PAR-Index-in-the-Evaluation-of-the-Stability-of-the-Orthodontic-Treatment-Results-A-Review.pdf?origin=publication_detail | ||
| volume = | | volume = | ||
| opera = Acta Medica (Hradec | | opera = Acta Medica (Hradec Králové) | ||
| anno = 2006 | | anno = 2006 | ||
| editore = | | editore = | ||
| Line 296: | Line 292: | ||
Spyridon N. Papageorgiou<ref>{{cita libro | Spyridon N. Papageorgiou<ref>{{cita libro | ||
| autore = | | autore = Angst C | ||
| autore2 = | | autore2 = Eliades T | ||
| autore3 = | | autore3 = Papageorgiou SN | ||
| titolo = Stability of occlusal outcome during long-term retention: the time-dependent variation of the American Board of Orthodontics index | | titolo = Stability of occlusal outcome during long-term retention: the time-dependent variation of the American Board of Orthodontics index | ||
| url = https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/194364/1/p01_ok.pdf | | url = https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/194364/1/p01_ok.pdf | ||
| Line 317: | Line 313: | ||
Other authors state that relapse after orthodontic treatment can also occur in cases with good functional occlusion.<ref>{{cita libro | Other authors state that relapse after orthodontic treatment can also occur in cases with good functional occlusion.<ref>{{cita libro | ||
| autore = | | autore = Lyotard N | ||
| autore2 = | | autore2 = Hans M | ||
| autore3 = | | autore3 = Nelson S | ||
| autore4 = | | autore4 = Valiathan M | ||
| titolo = Short-term postorthodontic changes in the absence of retention | | titolo = Short-term postorthodontic changes in the absence of retention | ||
| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8929484/pdf/i0003-3219-80-6-1045.pdf | | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8929484/pdf/i0003-3219-80-6-1045.pdf | ||
| Line 329: | Line 322: | ||
| opera = Angle Orthod | | opera = Angle Orthod | ||
| anno = 2010 | | anno = 2010 | ||
| editore = | | editore = The EH Angle Education and Research Foundation, Inc. | ||
| città = | | città = | ||
| ISBN = | | ISBN = | ||
| Line 361: | Line 354: | ||
| autore = Reitan K | | autore = Reitan K | ||
| autore2 = Kvam E | | autore2 = Kvam E | ||
| titolo = Comparative behavior of human and animal tissue during experimental tooth movement | | titolo = Comparative behavior of human and animal tissue during experimental tooth movement | ||
| url = https://meridian.allenpress.com/angle-orthodontist/article-pdf/41/1/1/1368969/0003-3219(1971)041_0001_cbohaa_2_0_co_2.pdf | | url = https://meridian.allenpress.com/angle-orthodontist/article-pdf/41/1/1/1368969/0003-3219(1971)041_0001_cbohaa_2_0_co_2.pdf | ||
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| OCLC = | | OCLC = | ||
}}</ref> physiological maturation of the human dentition which affects its width, length or perimeter<ref>{{cita libro | }}</ref> physiological maturation of the human dentition which affects its width, length or perimeter<ref>{{cita libro | ||
| autore = | | autore = Thilander B | ||
| titolo = Dentoalveolar development in subjects with normal occlusion. A longitudinal study between the ages of 5 and 31 years | | titolo = Dentoalveolar development in subjects with normal occlusion. A longitudinal study between the ages of 5 and 31 years | ||
| url = https://academic.oup.com/ejo/article-pdf/31/2/109/1273020/cjn124.pdf | | url = https://academic.oup.com/ejo/article-pdf/31/2/109/1273020/cjn124.pdf | ||
| Line 419: | Line 407: | ||
| OCLC = | | OCLC = | ||
}}</ref> and parafunctions.<ref>{{cita libro | }}</ref> and parafunctions.<ref>{{cita libro | ||
| autore = | | autore = Lang G | ||
| autore2 = | | autore2 = Alfter G | ||
| autore3 = | | autore3 = Göz G | ||
| autore4 = | | autore4 = Lang GH | ||
| titolo = Retention and stability--taking various treatment parameters into account | | titolo = Retention and stability--taking various treatment parameters into account | ||
| url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11974450/ | | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11974450/ | ||
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Retention of treatment results is therefore considered to be one of the most difficult problems in orthodontics, and relapses, especially of the mandibular incisors, could also be observed with the use of retention devices after debonding.<ref>{{cita libro | Retention of treatment results is therefore considered to be one of the most difficult problems in orthodontics, and relapses, especially of the mandibular incisors, could also be observed with the use of retention devices after debonding.<ref>{{cita libro | ||
| autore = | | autore = Steinnes J | ||
| autore2 = | | autore2 = Johnsen G | ||
| autore3 = | | autore3 = Kerosuo H | ||
| titolo = Stability of orthodontic treatment outcome in relation to retention status: An 8-year follow-up | | titolo = Stability of orthodontic treatment outcome in relation to retention status: An 8-year follow-up | ||
| url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28554448/ | | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28554448/ | ||
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| OCLC = | | OCLC = | ||
}}</ref> Most of the existing post-treatment stability studies evaluate short-term relapses of the anterior region by primarily measuring the irregularity of the incisors after extractive or non-extractive treatment and compare different retention patterns. These studies largely use the Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) index<ref>{{cita libro | }}</ref> Most of the existing post-treatment stability studies evaluate short-term relapses of the anterior region by primarily measuring the irregularity of the incisors after extractive or non-extractive treatment and compare different retention patterns. These studies largely use the Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) index<ref>{{cita libro | ||
| autore = | | autore = de Freitas KM | ||
| autore2 = | | autore2 = Janson G | ||
| autore3 = | | autore3 = de Freitas MR | ||
| autore4 = | | autore4 = Pinzan A | ||
| autore5 = | | autore5 = Henriques JF | ||
| autore6 = | | autore6 = Pinzan-Vercelino CR | ||
| autore7 = | | autore7 = | ||
| titolo = Influence of the quality of the finished occlusion on postretention occlusal relapse | | titolo = Influence of the quality of the finished occlusion on postretention occlusal relapse | ||
| Line 483: | Line 467: | ||
| LCCN = | | LCCN = | ||
| OCLC = | | OCLC = | ||
}} | }}</ref> which is not a trigeminal electrophysiological analysis approach in considering 'Normocclusion' much less the details of a well balanced occlusion (such as contacts, inclinations and alignment of each tooth) or changes in retention only in the short term.<ref>{{cita libro | ||
| autore = Hoybjerg AJ | |||
| autore2 = Currier GF | |||
| autore3 = Kadioglu O | |||
| titolo = Evaluation of 3 retention protocols using the American Board of Orthodontics cast and radiograph evaluation | |||
| url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23810041/ | |||
| volume = | |||
| opera = Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop | |||
| anno = 2013 | |||
| editore = | |||
| città = | |||
| ISBN = | |||
| DOI = 10.1016/j.ajodo.2013.02.022 | |||
| PMID = 23810041 | |||
| PMCID = | |||
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore --> | |||
| LCCN = | |||
| OCLC = | |||
}}</ref> | |||
To the authors' knowledge at the time of publication of their study, only one study<ref>Nett | To the authors' knowledge at the time of publication of their study, only one study<ref>{{cita libro | ||
| autore = Nett BC | |||
| autore2 = Huang GJ | |||
| titolo = Long-term posttreatment changes measured by the American Board of Orthodontics objective grading system | |||
| url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15821689 | |||
| volume = | |||
| opera = Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop | |||
| anno = 2005 | |||
| editore = Elsevier Inc | |||
| città = | |||
| ISBN = | |||
| DOI = 10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.03.029 | |||
| PMID = 15821689 | |||
| PMCID = | |||
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore --> | |||
| LCCN = | |||
| OCLC = | |||
}}</ref> used the American Board of Orthodontics (ABO)<ref>{{cita libro | |||
| autore = Casko JS | |||
| autore2 = Vaden JL | |||
| autore3 = Kokich VG | |||
| autore4 = Damone J | |||
| autore5 = James RD | |||
| autore6 = Cangialosi TJ | |||
| autore7 = Riolo ML | |||
| author8 = Owens SE Jr | |||
| author9 = Bills ED | |||
| titolo = Objective grading system for dental casts and panoramic radiographs | |||
| url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9810056 | |||
| volume = | |||
| opera = Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop | |||
| anno = 1998 | |||
| editore = | |||
| città = | |||
| ISBN = | |||
| DOI = 10.1016/s0889-5406(98)70179-9 | |||
| PMID = 9810056 | |||
| PMCID = | |||
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore --> | |||
| LCCN = | |||
| OCLC = | |||
}}</ref> detailed objective classification system for models and radiographs which measures the details of a well-finished and well-balanced occlusion. | |||
{{q2|The aforementioned study is not only interesting but also stimulating, from a scientific point of view, as it states that relapses could occur even in the presence of adequate functional occlusion. |Constructive criticism, however, is inherent in the statement itself: how is an efficient masticatory function and, therefore, a 'Normocclusion' defined? }} | {{q2|The aforementioned study is not only interesting but also stimulating, from a scientific point of view, as it states that relapses could occur even in the presence of adequate functional occlusion. |Constructive criticism, however, is inherent in the statement itself: how is an efficient masticatory function and, therefore, a 'Normocclusion' defined? }} | ||
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==Systems Theory== | ==Systems Theory== | ||
In the scientific field, systems theory, more properly general system theory (definition by Ludwig von Bertalanffy),<ref>{{Cita libro | In the scientific field, systems theory, more properly general system theory (definition by Ludwig von Bertalanffy),<ref>{{Cita libro | ||
|autore = | |autore = von Bertalanffy L | ||
|titolo = General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications | |titolo = General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications | ||
|url = https://archive.org/details/generalsystemthe0000bert|anno = 1968 | |url = https://archive.org/details/generalsystemthe0000bert | ||
|anno = 1968 | |||
|opera = Arch Gen Psychiatry | |opera = Arch Gen Psychiatry | ||
|editore = George Braziller | |editore = George Braziller | ||
| Line 528: | Line 571: | ||
}}</ref> is an often interdisciplinary field of study, straddling mathematics and natural sciences, which deals with the analysis of properties and the constitution of a system. It is essentially composed of the theory of dynamic systems (simple and complex) and of the theory of control: it is the basis of various disciplines such as automation, robotics and cybernetic physics, as well as the technical-scientific study of systems in general as much as in biology and medicine. | }}</ref> is an often interdisciplinary field of study, straddling mathematics and natural sciences, which deals with the analysis of properties and the constitution of a system. It is essentially composed of the theory of dynamic systems (simple and complex) and of the theory of control: it is the basis of various disciplines such as automation, robotics and cybernetic physics, as well as the technical-scientific study of systems in general as much as in biology and medicine. | ||
Systems theory is the interdisciplinary study of systems, that could be described as cohesive groups of interconnected and interdependent parts that can be natural or man-made. Each system is bounded by space and time, influenced by its environment, defined by its structure and expressed through its functioning. A system can be more than the sum of its parts if it expresses emerging synergies or behaviors.<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22emergent+behaviour%22&filter=datesearch.y_10 Emergent Behaviour]</ref> | Systems theory is the interdisciplinary study of systems, that could be described as cohesive groups of interconnected and interdependent parts that can be natural or man-made. Each system is bounded by space and time, influenced by its environment, defined by its structure and expressed through its functioning. A system can be more than the sum of its parts if it expresses emerging synergies or behaviors.<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22emergent+behaviour%22&filter=datesearch.y_10 Emergent Behaviour] on PubMed</ref> | ||
Changing one part of a system might affect other parts or the whole system. It may be possible to predict these changes in behavior patterns. Some systems support other systems, keeping the others to prevent failure. The goals of systems theory are to model the dynamics, constraints, conditions of a system and to clarify the principles (such as purpose, measure, methods, tools) that can be identified and applied to other systems at any level of nesting and in a 'wide range of fields to achieve optimized equifinality.<ref>[[wikipedia:Equifinality|Equifinality]]</ref> | Changing one part of a system might affect other parts or the whole system. It may be possible to predict these changes in behavior patterns. Some systems support other systems, keeping the others to prevent failure. The goals of systems theory are to model the dynamics, constraints, conditions of a system and to clarify the principles (such as purpose, measure, methods, tools) that can be identified and applied to other systems at any level of nesting and in a 'wide range of fields to achieve optimized equifinality.<ref>Wikipedia article for ''[[wikipedia:Equifinality|Equifinality]]''</ref> | ||
To be practical and effective in the description of the concept 'System logic' we consider an approach to a part of the trigeminal motor system, since it is the cornerstone of this scientific work, in which the conceptual connection with the 'Theory of Systems'. | To be practical and effective in the description of the concept 'System logic' we consider an approach to a part of the trigeminal motor system, since it is the cornerstone of this scientific work, in which the conceptual connection with the 'Theory of Systems'. | ||
| Line 536: | Line 579: | ||
===Masticatory System Logic=== | ===Masticatory System Logic=== | ||
Regarding the analysis of the state of the masticatory system, the EMG technique has been widely used but there are still a number of concerns regarding the reliability of the measures based on the interferential EMG. <ref>Reaz MB | Regarding the analysis of the state of the masticatory system, the EMG technique has been widely used but there are still a number of concerns regarding the reliability of the measures based on the interferential EMG.<ref>{{cita libro | ||
| autore = Reaz MB | |||
| autore2 = Hussain MS | |||
| autore3 = Mohd-Yasin F | |||
| titolo = Techniques of EMG signal analysis: detection, processing, classification and applications (Correction) | |||
| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1455479/pdf/bpo_v8_p11_m115.pdf | |||
| volume = | |||
| opera = Biol Proced Online | |||
| anno = 2006 | |||
| editore = | |||
| città = | |||
| ISBN = | |||
| DOI = 10.1251/bpo115 | |||
| PMID = 16799694 | |||
| PMCID = PMC1455479 | |||
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore --> | |||
| LCCN = | |||
| OCLC = | |||
}}</ref> | |||
This is why most of the studies performed so far aimed at showing a possible correlation between EMG signals with Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD), Orofacial Pain (OP) or Malocclusion (IO), but they have not yielded convincing results.<ref>Masci C | This is why most of the studies performed so far aimed at showing a possible correlation between EMG signals with Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD), Orofacial Pain (OP) or Malocclusion (IO), but they have not yielded convincing results.<ref>{{cita libro | ||
| autore = Masci C | |||
| autore2 = Ciarrocchi I | |||
| autore3 = Spadaro A | |||
| autore4 = Necozione S | |||
| autore5 = Marci MC | |||
| autore6 = Monaco A | |||
| titolo = Does orthodontic treatment provide a real functional improvement? A case control study | |||
| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3827987/pdf/1472-6831-13-57.pdf | |||
| volume = | |||
| opera = BMC Oral Health | |||
| anno = 2013 | |||
| editore = BioMed Central Ltd | |||
| città = | |||
| ISBN = | |||
| DOI = 10.1186/1472-6831-13-57 | |||
| PMID = 24152806 | |||
| PMCID = PMC3827987 | |||
| oaf = CC-BY 2<!-- qualsiasi valore --> | |||
| LCCN = | |||
| OCLC = | |||
}}</ref> | |||
In an unknown percentage of OP patients visited by specialist dentists, some neurological diseases such as intracranial tumours, multiple sclerosis, etc. are the underlying symptoms cause of TMD or OP. | In an unknown percentage of OP patients visited by specialist dentists, some neurological diseases such as intracranial tumours, multiple sclerosis, etc. are the underlying symptoms cause of TMD or OP. | ||
| Line 545: | Line 627: | ||
| autore = Moazzam AA | | autore = Moazzam AA | ||
| autore2 = Habibian M | | autore2 = Habibian M | ||
| titolo = Patients appearing to dental professionals with orofacial pain arising from intracranial tumors: a literature review | | titolo = Patients appearing to dental professionals with orofacial pain arising from intracranial tumors: a literature review | ||
| url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23036798/ | | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23036798/ | ||
| Line 562: | Line 643: | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
{{q2|When approaching the modeling of a diagnostic 'Index' it is essential to consider the 'Fundamental Unit' of the system to be studied mathematically.|... as said, the 'Observable' cannot be the occlusal element because it is hierarchically lower than the Trigeminal Nervous System.}} | {{q2|When approaching the modeling of a diagnostic 'Index' it is essential to consider the 'Fundamental Unit' of the system to be studied mathematically.|... as said, the 'Observable' cannot be the occlusal element because it is hierarchically lower than the Trigeminal Nervous System.}} | ||
[[File:Bilateral Root-MEPs.jpg|thumb | [[File:Bilateral Root-MEPs.jpg|thumb|center|500px|'''Figure 4:''' Virtual segmentation of the Trigeminal Nervous System and annotation of the motor Root level from which the trigeminal Motor Evoked Potentials (R-MEPs) are evoked |alt=]] | ||
Cortical projections to the trigeminal motor neurons are generally believed to be bilateral and symmetrical and can be electrophysiologically analyzed by electrical or magnetic brain stimulation through the intact scalp.<ref>{{cita libro | Cortical projections to the trigeminal motor neurons are generally believed to be bilateral and symmetrical and can be electrophysiologically analyzed by electrical or magnetic brain stimulation through the intact scalp.<ref>{{cita libro | ||
| autore = Merton PA | | autore = Merton PA | ||
| autore2 = Morton HB | | autore2 = Morton HB | ||
| titolo = Stimulation of the cerebral cortex in the intact human subject | |||
| titolo = | |||
| url = https://www.nature.com/articles/285227a0.pdf | | url = https://www.nature.com/articles/285227a0.pdf | ||
| volume = | | volume = | ||
| Line 609: | Line 688: | ||
To make the understanding of 'Systems Theory' more suitable for the context of the masticatory system, we report some trigeminal electrophysiological procedures and implement them with the mathematical models of the theory. | To make the understanding of 'Systems Theory' more suitable for the context of the masticatory system, we report some trigeminal electrophysiological procedures and implement them with the mathematical models of the theory. | ||
====Mathematical formalism in 'Systems Theory'==== | ==== Mathematical formalism in 'Systems Theory'==== | ||
The "systems theory" studies oriented systems, in which it becomes possible to classify the quantities of interest into two categories: | The "systems theory" studies oriented systems, in which it becomes possible to classify the quantities of interest into two categories: | ||
| Line 617: | Line 696: | ||
A real system can have multiple inputs and multiple outputs. In particular, we indicate with: | A real system can have multiple inputs and multiple outputs. In particular, we indicate with: | ||
*<math>u(t)= (u_1(t),..., u_r(t))</math>the vector of the inputs at time <math>{t}</math> | * <math>u(t)= (u_1(t),..., u_r(t))</math>the vector of the inputs at time <math>{t}</math> | ||
*<math>y(t)= (y_1(t),..., u_m(t))</math>the vector of the output at time <math>{t}</math> | *<math>y(t)= (y_1(t),..., u_m(t))</math>the vector of the output at time <math>{t}</math> | ||
| Line 689: | Line 768: | ||
In the engineering field, various mathematical modeling of a system are possible, depending on whether or not they explicitly consider the state variables. | In the engineering field, various mathematical modeling of a system are possible, depending on whether or not they explicitly consider the state variables. | ||
[[File:Finite Elements - electric field within the intracranial brain tissue - FEM.jpg|thumb | [[File:Finite Elements - electric field within the intracranial brain tissue - FEM.jpg|thumb|center|'''Figure 5:''' A. Positioning of the electrodes for the delivery of the electrical stimulus. B. Representation of the electric field within the brain structure. C. Localization of the induced electric field at the level of the trigeminal roots ]] | ||
====Mathematical formalism of the Trigeminal System Logic==== | ====Mathematical formalism of the Trigeminal System Logic==== | ||
| Line 715: | Line 794: | ||
[[File:Potenziale Evocato della Radice Trigeminale.jpg|thumb|'''Figure 6:'''Ipsilateral trigeminal motor evoked potential|alt=|378px|right]] | [[File:Potenziale Evocato della Radice Trigeminale.jpg|thumb|'''Figure 6:'''Ipsilateral trigeminal motor evoked potential|alt=|378px|right]] | ||
==Conclusion== | == Conclusion== | ||
[[File:FIGU01.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|'''Figura 7:''' The figure shows three ways of analyzing the system. In A the interferential EMG trace, in B the bilateral Root-MEPs and in C the jaw jerk..|200px]] | [[File:FIGU01.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|'''Figura 7:''' The figure shows three ways of analyzing the system. In A the interferential EMG trace, in B the bilateral Root-MEPs and in C the jaw jerk..|200px]] | ||